What does elevated FSH levels indicate in relation to menopause?

Elevated FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) levels are indicative of decreased ovarian function, particularly in relation to menopause. As women approach menopause, the ovaries begin to produce lower amounts of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. In response to this decrease, the pituitary gland releases more FSH in an attempt to stimulate the ovaries to produce these hormones. Therefore, high levels of FSH signal that the ovaries are becoming less responsive and that ovarian reserve is diminishing, which is a characteristic of the menopausal transition.

In the contexts of other options, increased ovarian function would be reflected by lower FSH levels, as the ovaries would be effectively responding to hormonal signals. A stable hormonal balance would typically involve normal levels of sex hormones and FSH, not the elevated levels associated with declining ovarian function. Lastly, increased fertility is generally linked with normal ovarian activity, which again would be associated with lower FSH levels. Thus, elevated FSH levels serve as a reliable marker for decreased ovarian function as women transition through menopause.